The part of speech (or word class)
that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. The common
conjunctions--and, but, for, or, nor, yet, and so--join the
elements of a coordinate structure. A sentence style that employs many coordinate conjunctions is called polysyndeton. A
sentence style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses is
called asyndeton. In
contrast to coordinating conjunctions, which connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank, subordinating conjunctions connect clauses of unequal rank.
kinds
of conjunctions:
A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Coordinating
conjunctions join equals
to one another:
words to words, phrases
to phrases, clauses to
clauses.
Examples:
Word to word most children like
cookies and milk
Phrase to phrase the gold is hidden at beach
or by the lakeside
Clause to clause what you say and what you do are two different
things
Coordinating conjunctions
usually form looser connections than other conjunctions do.
Examples:
Marge was late for work, and she received a cut in pay (very
loose)
Marge was late for work, so she received a cut in pay (loose)
Because marge was late for work, she received a cut in pay.
Coordinating conjunctions
go in between items joined, not at the beginning or end.
Examples:
Correct : i like coffee, but i dont like tea
Incorrect : but i dont like tea, i like cofee
Punctuation
with coordinating conjunctions:
When a coordinating
conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma
should be placed before the conjunction.
Examples:
Words : cookies and
milk
Phrases :L at the beach or by the likeside
Subordinate clauses :
what you say and what you do
A coordinating
conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or subordinate
clauses creates a series and requires commas between the elements.
Examples:
Words : peanuts, cookies,
and milk
Phrases: in the mountain,
at the beach, or by the lakedide
Subordinate clauses: what
you think, what you say, and what
you do
A coordinating
conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound sentenses and requires a comma
before the coordinating conjunction
Examples:
Tom ate the peanuts, so
phil ate the cookies
I dont care for the
beach, but i enjoy a good vacation in the mountains.
B. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in
a sentence. There are six different pairs of correlative conjunctions:
1) either...or
2) not only...but also
3) neither...nor (or
increasingly neither...or)
4) both...and
5) whether...or
6) just as...so
Examples:
- You either do
your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
- Not only is he handsome, but
he is also brilliant.
- Neither the basketball team
nor the football team is doing well.
- Both the cross country
team and the swimming team are doing well.
- Whether you stay or
go is your decision.
- Just as many Americans love
football, so many Canadians love ice hockey.
C. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
These conjunctions join
independent clauses together.
The
following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs:
|
after
all
|
in
addition
|
next
|
|
also
|
incidentally
|
nonetheless
|
|
as a
result
|
indeed
|
on
the contrary
|
|
besides
|
in
fact
|
on
the other hand
|
|
consequently
|
in
other words
|
otherwise
|
|
finally
|
instead
|
still
|
|
for
example
|
likewise
|
then
|
|
furthermore
|
meanwhile
|
therefore
|
|
hence
|
moreover
|
thus
|
|
however
|
nevertheless
|
|
Examples:
The tire
was flat ; therefore, we called a service station
It was a
hot day; nevertheless, the roofers worked on the project all day
|
Punctuation:
|
Place
a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after the conjunctive
adverb.
|
D. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
These
words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions
|
after
|
in
order (that)
|
unless
|
|
although
|
insofar
as
|
until
|
|
as
|
in
that
|
when
|
|
as
far as
|
lest
|
whenever
|
|
as
soon as
|
no
matter how
|
where
|
|
as if
|
now
that
|
wherever
|
|
as
though
|
once
|
whether
|
|
because
|
provided
(that)
|
while
|
|
before
|
since
|
why
|
|
even
if
|
so
that
|
|
|
even
though
|
supposing
(that)
|
|
|
how
|
than
|
|
|
if
|
that
|
|
|
inasmuch
as
|
though
|
|
|
in
case (that)
|
till
|
Subordinating
conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one
clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.
A subordinating
conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a
sentence. A subordinate conjunction usually provides a tighter connection
between clauses than a coordinating conjunctions does.
|
Loose:
|
It is raining, so
we have an umbrella.
|
|
Tight:
|
Because it is raining, we have an umbrella.
|
|
Punctuation
Note:
|
|
When
the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the
two clauses. When the independent clause is placed first and the
dependent clause second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma.
|
exercise
1. ______you already know mary, you should go to meet her at the airport
a. so
b. so that
c. when
d. since
2. He is learning English
______ he can get a better and more interesting job.
a. so that
b. and
c. since
d. what
3. I'm going to buy a new Beetle, ______ I do
think they are over-priced.
a. since
b. and
c. although
d. but
4. I don't know ______ I'll be back.
a. so
b. so that
c. when
d. since
5. We're not making much profit ______ we need
to raise our prices.
a. so
b. and
c. although
d. what
key answer
1. d. since
2. a. so that
3. c. although
4. c. When
5. a. so
Sumber :
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conjunctions.htm
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